Subject:
African Literature (Paper-14)
Study:
M.A.
Roll
No.: 25
Year:
Sem - IV
Guided
by: Miss. Heenaba Zala
Submitted
to: Dept. of English
University:
MKBU
Index
No.
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Topic
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Page No.
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1
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Introduction
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2
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2
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Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o
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3
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3
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Summary
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6
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4
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Themes
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12
|
5
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conclusion
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14
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6
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Web resources
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15
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A Grain of wheat: Themes
Summary
-
Critique
Introduction:
‘A Grain of Wheat’ is a short but noticeable novel, having only a one main incident. It was come under South African Literature. It was written in 1967. It was written by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. It contains some historical events in it. It was very firstly represented as events in this novel. It was also known as Kenyan novel, too.
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o:
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o is a Kenyan writer, formerly working in English and now working in Gikuyu. He was born in 1938 in Kamiriithu, near Limuru as James Ngugi. His father was a tenant farmer who had four wives and twentyeight children. Ngũgĩ initially attended a missionary school but then was sent to a Gikuyu school. However, after the State of Emergency in 1952, all schools had to teach in English. He was not directly involved in the Mau Mau uprising but his older brother was and, as a result, their mother was arrested and tortured. After attending the prestigious Alliance High School, he went to Makerere University College in Kampala, where he studied English. It was during this period that he started writing, including a play, short stories and his first novels. After university, he worked for a brief while as a reporter before going to the University of Leeds. His first novel Weep Not, Child was published while he was there. His work includes novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Gikuyulanguage journal Mũtĩiri.
In 1977, Ngũgĩ embarked upon a novel form of theatre in his native Kenya that sought to liberate the theatrical process from what he held to be "the general bourgeois education system", by encouraging spontaneity and audience participation in the performances. His project sought to "demystify" the theatrical process, and to avoid the "process of alienation [that] produces a gallery of active stars and an undifferentiated mass of grateful admirers" which, according to Ngũgĩ, encourages passivity in "ordinary people". Although Ngaahika Ndeenda was a commercial success, it was shut down by the authoritarian Kenyan regime six weeks after its opening. Ngũgĩ was subsequently imprisoned for over a year. After that it was at this time that he became more politically active. He changed his name to Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and started writing in his native Gikuyu. After independence, he became very critical of the Kenyan government and was imprisoned for writing the very political play Ngaahika Ndeenda: Ithaako ria Ngerekano (I Will Marry When I Want). After his release, he left for London and then the United States, returning to Kenya only briefly in 2004. There were rumours of assassination attempts by the Kenyan government. He has continued to write, including much nonfiction, and has worked for human rights in Kenya. His first novel for over twenty years was published in Gikuyu in 2004.
Adopted as an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience, the artist was released from prison, and fled Kenya. In the United States, he taught at Yale University for some years, and has since also taught at New York University, with a dual professorship in Comparative Literature and Performance Studies, and the University of California, Irvine. Ngũgĩ has frequently been regarded as a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. His writing and narrating style was totally different from any other authors because of all his personal experiences that I personally felt. He is writer who wrote for his own people and nation. He himself said:
“I am a writer some have even called me a religious writer. I write about my people. I am interested in their hidden lives and hates and how the very tension in their hearts affects their daily contact with other men. How in other words, the emotions stream of the man within interacts with the real type.”
In this novel he again raises the same question about colonization and colonized people and so this work is also known as his masterpiece. He tries to bring reality and realism in front of worlds with help of all his works and this work is also adding the same in his patriotic movement for people and nation.
Summary:
At very first we know that this is not that huge one novel. It is just short novel written in 1967. It was take place in Kenya and its main theme is also that. The whole story of ‘A Grain of Wheat’ is basis on Kenyan independence or Uhuru. Uhuru is an African word uses for freedom. So after only this single line we can reach to that point that this novel is having such story for freedom or to make oneself free from slavery or any other thing but freedom is the main and central idea of this novel. Freedom is the base of this novel.
“In any case how many took the oath and are now licking the toes of the Whiteman? No, you take an oath to confirm a choice already made. The decision to lay or not lay your life for the people lies in the heart. The oath is the water sprinkled on a man's head at baptism.”
Author wrote these words into text that now you are not that people who use to lick white people’s toes and now you all have to fight for your own self then and then you will get your right and respect among the society. They are not slave of white people and they should stop treating like that. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o also said:
“Our lives are a battlefield on which is fought a continuous war between the forces that are pledged to confirm our humanity and those determined to dismantle it; Those who strive to build a protective wall around it, and those who wish to pull it down; Those who seek to mould it and those committed to breaking it up; Those who aim to open our eyes, to make us see the light and look to tomorrow [...] those who wish to lull us into closing our eyes.”
This novel starts with colonized country Kenya and its people. At that time Kenya was colonized by British Government and when the British colonizers come to Kenya, they strengthen their hold on the territory by building a great railroad. Waiyaki (native person) and other warrior leaders took up arms against this imposition, but they were defeated. Most Kenyans gradually learn to make accommodations with the new regime, though the seeds of revolution spread underground in “the Movement,” known to the British as Mau Mau. This is the movement plays vital role in the main story of this novel. The Mau Mau Uprising, also known as the Mau Mau Revolt, Mau Mau Rebellion or Kenya Emergency, was a military conflict that took place in Kenya between 1952 and 1960. It involved Kikuyudominated groups summarily called Mau Mau and elements of the British Army, the local Kenya Regiment mostly consisting of the British, auxiliaries and antiMau Mau Kikuyu. The capture of rebel leader Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 signalled the ultimate defeat of Mau Mau, and essentially ended the British military campaign. The uprising created a rift between the European colonial community in Kenya and the metropole, but also resulted in violent divisions within the Kikuyu community. The financial cost of the uprising to the former colony amounted to £55 million. This is real incident which was narrated by author in this novel.
In this novel main character Mugo was selected to give speech on Uhuru day and it was after this Mau Mau Movement.
Mugo is the main protagonist of this novel and a loner who became a hero after leading a hunger strike in a British concentration camp and trying to stop a village guard from beating a pregnant woman to death. Although he is thought to be a hero throughout the whole book, he is the traitor who betrayed Kihika to the British in the hope of collecting a reward.
Kihika is another noticeable character in this novel. He was betrayed by Mugo but he is the real heroic character of this novel. He is a resistance fighter who conquered a police station and killed the hated District Officer Robson. He was caught and hanged after being betrayed by Mugo.
Gikinyo is a character who disappears from the novel for long time but then even he is one of most important character. He is so much ambitious person and a carpenter. He married to a girl named Mumbi. He confessed to taking the oath of the resistance while in a concentration camp, securing an early release only to find that his wife had borne a child with his hated rival Karanja while he was away.
Mumbi is the most beautiful girl of that area. She was Kihika’s sister and Gikonyo’s wife. When Gikonyo was arrested, she slept with Karanja and also having child.
Karanja was appointed as village chief by the colonial power. He was also a collaborator with the British and widely suspected to be the traitor.
John Thompson was an early British settler and administrator of Thabai, who believes in the ideals of colonial imperialism and persecutes black Africans.
Among the younger generation are Gikonyo, a wellknown carpenter in the village of Thabai, and Mumbi, his wife and one of the most beautiful women in the area. Kihika and Gikonyo are togather in fight against British Government. They listen as one of their peers, Kihika, speak before a large crowd and encourage guerrilla warfare against the British. They try to motivate people for Uhuru and their speeches are also creating some fire among the people. Mugo also listens, but, unlike Gikonyo and Mumbi, he hates what Kihika says. Mugo thinks native Kenyans have no chance of successfully opposing the British, and he decides to do his job quietly and succeed in the new order of things. He felt jealous with Kihika and Gikonyo because of their work and he even not believe on that that they their self has a power and position but he use to felt that they can only get success with British government only. So he decided to be with them only and so he betrays his own people for power, success and ambition. Karanja, who unsuccessfully pursued the hand of Mumbi, feels even more strongly that the best policy is to accept the British as invincible. So he becomes member of British Company and becomes most powerful person in the village.
Before long, Kihika disappears into the forest with many other young men who arm themselves. A year later, their most successful raid is the capture of the Mahee police post; This infuriates the British. They declare a state of emergency and imprison many of the young men of Thabai, including Gikonyo. Even Mugo is arrested for intervening when a woman is being beaten. Despite the efforts by the British to quell the Kenyan resistance, the violence continues, and District Officer Thomas Robson is assassinated. Mugo is taken to Rira camp, where John Thompson is the warden. Though Mugo respects the British, in these circumstances he feels unjustly accused and refuses to cooperate. He begins to get a reputation among the other detainees as an inspiration to courage. Mugo does nothing to justify their hopes, but he does feel vague and grandiose religious impulses and begins to see himself as a possible messiah for his people. Finally, there is an uprising in which Mugo plays no part, and twentyone prisoners are killed.
“Mugo was deeply afflicted and confused, because all his life he had avoided conflicts: at home, or at school, he rarely joined the company of other boys for fear of being involved in brawls that might ruin his chances of a better future. His argument went like this: if you don't traffic with evil, then evil ought not to touch you; if you leave people alone, then they ought to leave you alone.”
When Gikonyo was arrested and imprisoned, his wife, Mumbi slept with Karanja. In his eagerness to return to his wife, betrays his oath and returns home, only to find Mumbi nursing a child which cannot possibly be his. The child is actually Karanja's.
“She has gone back to her parents. See how you have broken your home. You have driven a good woman to misery for nothing. Let us now see what profit it will bring you, to go on poisoning your mind with these things when you should have accepted and sought how best to build your life. But you, like a foolish child, have never wanted to know what happened. Or what woman Mumbi really is.”
Karanja was a homeguard chief and Mumbi had only succumbed to him when she heard Gikonyo had been released. As a result, Gikonyo ignores her and focuses on money making activities. Meanwhile, Karanja fears for his life, not least because he is suspected of having betrayed Kihika. There is also a white district officer, John Thompson, who is having trouble talking to his wife, Margery, particularly about an incident involving a woman colleague's treatment of Karanja.
This novel and whole story of it is little bit difficult and different from any other novel or any predecessors’ books but it is reality and it generates real thing in person’s mind. Some common elements like hunger of power, love, betray and etc. also can see in this novel.
Themes:
Basic themes take place in this novel:
The Anticolonial Struggle:
The action of the novel focuses on the protagonists’ remembrances of the events of the ‘Mau Mau’ Revolt- the birth of a new Kenya. The definition of the actual meaning of Uhuru is an open political and social question: the new Kenyan bourgeoisie sees it indeed as the possibility to replace the colonizer without changing the existing social, political and economic structure, whereas for gĩkũyũ peasants Uhuru means a profound break with the colonial past, a rebirth which has to bring about the restitution of the lands usurped by the white settlers and the eradication of poverty. People tries to struggle for their own Uhuru and it is the main and central idea of this novel and so it can be taken in consideration as per one of main themes of this novel. Here I am also agreeing with the author that Uhuru is one’s right and he/she must get it without any race of color, country or anything else. Writer shows his point and his argument in novel like:
“Nearly everybody was a member of the Party, but nobody could say with any accuracy when the Party was born: to most people, especially those in the younger generation, the Party had always been there, a rallying centre for action. It changed names, leaders came and went, but the Party remained, opening new visions, gathering greater and greater strength, till on the Eve of Uhuru, its influence stretched from one horizon touching the sea to the other resting on the great Lake. Its origins can, so the people say, be traced to the day the Whiteman came to the country […].”
“the Whiteman came to the country, clutching the book of God in both hands, a magic witness that the Whiteman was a messenger from the Lord. His tongue was coated with sugar; his humility was touching. For a time, people ignored the voice of the Gikuyu seer who once said: there shall come a people with clothes like the butterflies. They gave him, the stranger with a scalded skin, a place to erect a temporary shelter. Hut complete, the stranger put up another building yards away. This he called the House of God where people could go for worship and sacrifice.”
Violence:
When colonization is main part of the novel then it was next to turn into Decolonization. But Decolonization always comes with violence. Decolonization is a violent event. Decolonization is quite simply the substitution of one "species" of mankind by another. The substitution is unconditional, absolute, total, and seamless. Decolonization, which sets out to change the order of the world, is clearly the agenda for total disorder. It is also known as historical movement.
Betrayal:
Individual’s betrayals are representative of the vast betrayal of the whole society by its power elite. Karanja was more powerful and in power position so, Mumbi betrays Gikonyo when he was imprisoned and slept with Karanja and also having child, too. Mugo betrays the whole village with his idea and because of it only some people were caught by British people. He was the person who betrays the entire village, so it is also known as one of main theme of this novel.
Love:
We can find example of love marriage of Gikonyo and Mumbi in this novel and even if we think in platonic way then we can realizes that every person of this novel is in love with Uhuru, self-freedom and nativism. They want to fight for their native land and want to see their self-free from British Colonization, so Love is also noticeable theme of ‘A Grain of Wheat’.
Patriotism:
There is no doubt that it is one of most important themes of this novel ‘A Grain of Wheat’. This novel is starts with only ‘Mau Mau Movement’ so it is very well known patriotic movement for self-right and native country and land so it leads us towards patriotic atmosphere and intention.
Conclusion:
A Grain of Wheat is the third and best known novel written by Ngugi wa Thiong'o from Kenya. It weaves several stories together during the state of emergency in Kenya's struggle for independence (1952–1959), focusing on the quiet Mugo, whose life is ruled by a dark secret. The plot revolves around his home village's preparations for Kenya's Independence Day celebration (Uhuru day). Former resistance fighters General R and Koinandu plan on publically executing the traitor who betrayed Kihika (a heroic resistance fighter hailing from the village) on that day. This book is very different from its predecessor. There is no one main character, but several. Though they interact, they each have their own issues and deal with them in different ways. And, though the African/British divide is still there, it is not a key. Rather the key theme, which is certainly suggested in his two previous novels, is how the past affects the main characters and how they can move on to a new future. It is clearly a much superior novel to its rather simple predecessors and has become a classic of African Literature.
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Web Resources:
